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Amy Ferguson Moncure

u-Substitution

Choose your level and practice the substitution method.

u-Substitution Method

Let \( u = \) the “inside” function

Then \( du = u’\,dx \)

Rewrite the integral entirely in terms of \(u\), integrate, then substitute back.

Worked Example

Evaluate \(\displaystyle\int 2x(x^{2}+5)^{3}\,dx\)

1st: Choose \(u\)

\(u = x^{2} + 5\)

2nd: Find \(du\)

\(du = 2x\,dx\)

3. Substitute

\(\displaystyle\int (x^{2}+5)^{3}\cdot 2x\,dx = \int u^{3}\,du\)

4. Integrate & back-substitute

\(\dfrac{1}{4}u^{4} + C = \dfrac{1}{4}(x^{2}+5)^{4} + C\)

\(\dfrac{1}{4}(x^{2}+5)^{4} + C\)

Level 1

Easy

Clear inside function — direct substitution

1

\(\displaystyle\int 3x^{2}(x^{3}+1)^{4}\,dx\)

Show Answer

1st: Choose \(u\)

\(u = x^{3} + 1\)

2nd: Find \(du\)

\(du = 3x^{2}\,dx\)

3. Substitute

\(\displaystyle\int (x^{3}+1)^{4}\cdot 3x^{2}\,dx = \int u^{4}\,du\)

4. Integrate & back-substitute

\(\dfrac{1}{5}u^{5} + C = \dfrac{1}{5}(x^{3}+1)^{5} + C\)

\(\dfrac{1}{5}(x^{3}+1)^{5} + C\)

2

\(\displaystyle\int \cos x\cdot\sin^{5}x\,dx\)

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1st: Choose \(u\)

\(u = \sin x\)

2nd: Find \(du\)

\(du = \cos x\,dx\)

3. Substitute

\(\displaystyle\int \sin^{5}x\cdot\cos x\,dx = \int u^{5}\,du\)

4. Integrate & back-substitute

\(\dfrac{1}{6}u^{6} + C = \dfrac{1}{6}\sin^{6}x + C\)

\(\dfrac{1}{6}\sin^{6}x + C\)

3

\(\displaystyle\int e^{5x}\,dx\)

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1st: Choose \(u\)

\(u = 5x\)

2nd: Find \(du\)

\(du = 5\,dx \quad\Rightarrow\quad dx = \dfrac{1}{5}du\)

3. Substitute

\(\displaystyle\int e^{5x}\,dx = \int e^{u}\cdot\dfrac{1}{5}\,du = \dfrac{1}{5}\int e^{u}\,du\)

4. Integrate & back-substitute

\(\dfrac{1}{5}e^{u} + C = \dfrac{1}{5}e^{5x} + C\)

\(\dfrac{1}{5}e^{5x} + C\)

Level 2

Medium

Slight rewrite or coefficient adjustment needed

1

\(\displaystyle\int \dfrac{x}{1+x^{2}}\,dx\)

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1st: Choose \(u\)

\(u = 1 + x^{2}\)

2nd: Find \(du\)

\(du = 2x\,dx \quad\Rightarrow\quad x\,dx = \dfrac{1}{2}du\)

3. Substitute

\(\displaystyle\int \dfrac{x}{1+x^{2}}\,dx = \dfrac{1}{2}\int \dfrac{1}{u}\,du\)

4. Integrate & back-substitute

\(\dfrac{1}{2}\ln|u| + C = \dfrac{1}{2}\ln|1+x^{2}| + C\)

\(\dfrac{1}{2}\ln(1+x^{2}) + C\)

2

\(\displaystyle\int x\sqrt{x^{2}+9}\,dx\)

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1st: Choose \(u\)

\(u = x^{2} + 9\)

2nd: Find \(du\)

\(du = 2x\,dx \quad\Rightarrow\quad x\,dx = \dfrac{1}{2}du\)

3. Substitute

\(\displaystyle\int x\sqrt{x^{2}+9}\,dx = \dfrac{1}{2}\int \sqrt{u}\,du = \dfrac{1}{2}\int u^{1/2}\,du\)

4. Integrate & back-substitute

\(\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot\dfrac{2}{3}u^{3/2} + C = \dfrac{1}{3}(x^{2}+9)^{3/2} + C\)

\(\dfrac{1}{3}(x^{2}+9)^{3/2} + C\)

3

\(\displaystyle\int \dfrac{1}{x\ln x}\,dx\)

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1st: Choose \(u\)

\(u = \ln x\)

2nd: Find \(du\)

\(du = \dfrac{1}{x}\,dx\)

3. Substitute

\(\displaystyle\int \dfrac{1}{x\ln x}\,dx = \int \dfrac{1}{u}\,du\)

4. Integrate & back-substitute

\(\ln|u| + C = \ln|\ln x| + C\)

\(\ln|\ln x| + C\)

u-substitution HARD problems

Level 3

Hard

Requires algebraic rewrite or careful coefficient handling

1

\(\displaystyle\int x\sec^{2}(x^{2}-1)\tan^{2}(x^{2}-1)\,dx\)

Show Answer

1st: Let \(w = x^{2}-1\)

\(dw = 2x\,dx \quad\Rightarrow\quad x\,dx = \dfrac{1}{2}dw\)

Rewrite the integral:

\(\displaystyle\int x\sec^{2}(x^{2}-1)\tan^{2}(x^{2}-1)\,dx = \dfrac{1}{2}\int\sec^{2}w\tan^{2}w\,dw\)

2nd: Now let \(u = \tan w\)

\(du = \sec^{2}w\,dw\)

The integral becomes:

\(\dfrac{1}{2}\int u^{2}\,du\)

3. Integrate

\(\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot\dfrac{u^{3}}{3} + C = \dfrac{1}{6}u^{3} + C\)

4. Back-substitute

\(u = \tan w = \tan(x^{2}-1)\)

\(\dfrac{1}{6}\tan^{3}(x^{2}-1) + C\)

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